capitata starting with females that ingested the endosymbionts, and two successive generations of C. These findings led to the second experiment where we monitored the fate of the endosymbionts through successive life stages of C. Our findings also indicated that the endosymbionts migrated to the ovaries and established on the apical end of eggs.
capitata for the purposes of describing endosymbiont establishment and retention in the adult C. The first experiment was conducted to monitor the fate of two endosymbionts that were ingested by C. Three experiments are described in this article and begin to address the question of symbiont establishment and spread. This work is part of an investigation to determine whether artificial introduction of symbionts (i.e., probiotic diets) will appreciably improve the fitness of mass-reared sterile males. capitata in nature may allow for improvements to mass production protocols (e.g., probiotic diets) that would increase the effectiveness of sterile males.
Understanding the relationship between bacteria and C. Indeed, reports exist that describe poor performance of sterile male flies in the field ( Shelly and Whittier 1996). capitata confer a fitness advantage, then their absence in mass production may result in decreased fitness of sterile males released in control programs.
capitata are cultured in large-scale production facilities around the world and typically in these situations normal gut microbiota are absent (C.R.L., unpublished data). Artificial rearing of fruit flies, such as the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), for control programs precludes the exposure to, and establishment of, these bacterial genera from natural sources. ( 2000) suggested that these two bacteria participate in nitrogen cycling within the tephritid gut and serve as important contributors to tephritid survival in nature. Of these, species in two bacterial genera Enterobacter/Pantoea and Klebsiella consistently inhabit the tephritid gut ( Lauzon et al. 1983, Drew and Lloyd 1987, Prokopy et al. Tephritids consume a variety of microorganisms in their natural food ( Drew et al. Moreover, the type of symbiotic relationships tephritids possess with bacteria, i.e., facultative or obligatory, has never been conclusively determined. Although ingestion of bacteria is one way that tephritids acquire their normal gut bacteria, it has not been established that this is the sole mechanism. The mechanisms by which tephritids acquire and maintain their symbionts have not been fully defined. This work sought to establish lures for detection of these important agricultural pests rather than to determine the intimacy and meaning of any symbiotic relationship that exists in nature. 1994, Robacker and Flath 1995, Robacker and Bartelt 1997, Robacker et al. 1998, 2000) or to odors produced by bacteriain culture ( Bateman and Morton 1981, Drew and Faye 1988, Martinez et al.
Since that time, the main focus of work into the nature of tephritid- bacteria interactions has been the attraction of certain pest Tephritidae to bacteria ( MacCollom et al. ( 1934) described the association between Phytomonas (Pseudomonas) melopthora and Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, the apple maggot. The importance of bacteria in the life history of certain pest Tephritidae has been in question since the 1930s when Allen et al.
0 kommentar(er)
